Electronics & General Electrical

Applied electronics calculations that sit alongside the Circuit Analysis & Fundamentals toolkit: RC/RL/RLC transient and resonance response, three-phase rectifier output voltage and ripple, and battery energy-storage sizing. It also holds the instrumentation and measurement cluster — 4–20 mA loop scaling and platinum RTD (PT100/PT1000) resistance-to-temperature conversion — where every tool states the model it uses, the range that model is defined over, and what it leaves out. Those measurement tools are for analysis and education: they convert and interpret a signal, and none of them designs a protective or safety-instrumented function. The foundational relationships — Ohm's law, resistor networks, dividers, and AC impedance — live in the dedicated Circuit Analysis & Fundamentals category.

RC/RL/RLC Time Constant & Resonance Calculator

Time constant for RC/RL circuits, or resonant frequency, Q, and bandwidth for series/parallel RLC.

Three-Phase Rectifier Output Calculator

Average DC output voltage and ripple frequency for a 6-pulse three-phase bridge rectifier.

Battery Energy Storage Sizing Calculator

Required nameplate battery capacity and C-rate from load power, backup duration, DoD, and efficiency.

4–20 mA Loop Scaling Calculator

Convert between a 4–20 mA loop current and the process value it represents, with the percentage of span shown explicitly.

RTD Calculator — PT100 / PT1000 Resistance to Temperature

Convert between platinum RTD resistance and temperature using the Callendar–Van Dusen relation, with the simple linear model shown alongside for comparison.

Thermocouple Calculator — Type K, J, T EMF and Temperature

Convert between thermocouple EMF and temperature for types K, J and T, with cold-junction compensation applied in millivolts and shown step by step.

ADC Resolution & LSB Calculator

Work out the number of codes, the LSB voltage and the dynamic range of an ADC from its resolution in bits and its full-scale range.

ADC Quantization Error & SNR Calculator

Find the quantization step, the ±½ LSB error and the theoretical SNR of an ideal ADC, and see the code a given input voltage produces.

Studies that use electronics & general electrical calculators

Study

4–20 mA Measurement Chain Study

One process value followed from transmitter to ADC code — loop current, sense-resistor voltage, converter LSB and dynamic range, and the quantization error at the code the reading lands on.